Aplicació de llengües electròniques potenciomètriques per al monitoratge en els camps agrícola, mediambiental i clínic

Descripció del recurs: el 21-08-2008Consultable des del TDXTítol obtingut de la portada digitalitzadaEls sensors químics tenen avui dia un renovat interès degut a les creixents necessitats actuals de la societat de disposar de més i millor informació analítica. No obstant, la manca de sensors ideals específics per a una espècie determinada va portar al nostre grup d'investigació a explorar les possibilitats de les llengües electròniques. Aquests sistemes analítics, bioinspirats en el sentit del gust, consideren un conjunt o matriu de sensors i/o biosensors amb selectivitat creuada, i no un únic sensor. La rica i abundant informació obtinguda és posteriorment tractada amb eines de calibratge multivariable per a extreure la informació analítica útil. La present tesi doctoral va començar enfocada en el desenvolupament, per primera vegada al grup, de llengües electròniques potenciomètriques basades en matrius de biosensors. Concretament, es va construir una llengua electrònica per a la determinació simultània d'urea, NH4+, K+ i Na+ en mostres clíniques. Es van fabricar i caracteritzar primer diferents biosensors d'urea basats en l'enzim ureasa i, un cop demostrada la seva idoneïtat per a ser implementats en una matriu, es van construir dos models de resposta diferents basats en xarxes neuronals artificials (XNA) i regressió per mínims quadrats parcials, respectivament. Els resultats obtinguts van mostrar una millor capacitat de predicció en el cas del model amb XNA, aconseguint determinar la urea sense necessitat d'eliminar les interferències alcalines. Amb l'experiència adquirida amb aquest primer sistema, es van iniciar i continuar altres aplicacions de les llengües electròniques potenciomètriques. Primerament, es va considerar la fabricació de matrius integrades de sensors potenciomètrics mitjançant la tècnica serigràfica (screen-printing), que permet la miniaturització i la producció massiva, en col·laboració amb el Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados de Mèxic. Aquesta matriu serigrafiada va servir per a desenvolupar una llengua electrònica per a la quantificació simultània dels ions NH4+, K+ i Na+ en mostres mediambientals. També es va proposar l'ús per primera vegada d'una llengua electrònica per al monitoratge on-line de la composició de la solució nutritiva d'un hivernacle hidropònic, gràcies a una col·laboració amb investigadors de l'Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentària de la Generalitat de Catalunya. La idea era optimitzar una llengua electrònica per a la determinació simultània i en temps real dels ions fertilitzants NH4+, K+, NO3- i PO43-, i els ions salins Na+ i Cl-. Els resultats obtinguts van ser prou interessants com per seguir treballant en el tema. A més, es va explorar l'aplicabilitat de dues diferents llengües electròniques en el monitoratge mediambiental in-line amb transmissió de dades per radiofreqüència. La primera d'elles per a la determinació simultània i en temps real dels ions NH4+, K+, Na+, Cl- i NO3- en un reactor continu de tanc agitat que simulava les condicions de biodegradació naturals, i la segona, per a la determinació simultània i en temps real dels cations NH4+, K+ i Na+ en la presa mexicana d'Ignacio Ramírez. Els bons resultats obtinguts van permetre demostrar l'aplicabilitat de les llengües electròniques desenvolupades com a sistemes de mesura remota en aplicacions mediambientals. En totes aquestes aplicacions en camp, es va posar especial èmfasi en corregir l'efecte de la temperatura i les derives de la resposta dels elèctrodes. Finalment, i per tal de tornar a la línia de recerca inicial, es va desenvolupar amb èxit una nova llengua electrònica amb biosensors per a la quantificació d'urea, creatinina, NH4+, K+ i Na+ en mostres clíniques. En aquest cas els biosensors de creatinina desenvolupats estaven basats en l'enzim creatinina deiminasa i el model de resposta, que estava basat en XNA, va permetre la determinació simultània de les cinc espècies, deixant el sistema a punt per a passar a estudis en hospitals.Chemical sensors have nowadays a renewed interest due to the increasing current needs of the society for having more and better analytical information. However, the lack of specific ideal sensors for a determinate species brought to our research group to explore the possibilities of the electronic tongues. These analytical systems, bio inspired in the sense of taste, consider a set or array of sensors and/or biosensors with cross selectivity, and not only one sensor. The rich obtained information is later treated with tools of multivariable calibration to extract the useful analytical information. The present doctoral thesis started focusing on the development of potentiometric electronic tongues based on arrays of biosensors for the first time in our group. Precisely, an electronic tongue was constructed for the simultaneous determination of urea, NH4+, K+ and Na+ in clinical samples. Firstly, different urea biosensors based on the enzyme urease were manufactured and characterized. Once demonstrated their suitability to be implemented in an array, two different models of response based on artificial neural networks (ANN) and partial least squares were constructed. The results showed a better capacity of prediction in the case of the model with ANN, which allowed the determination of urea concentration without the need of eliminating the alkaline interferences. With the experience acquired with this first system, other applications of the potentiometric electronic tongues were studied. Firstly, the construction of integrated arrays of potentiometric sensors by using the screen-printing technique was considered in collaboration with the Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados of Mexico. This technique allows the miniaturization and the massive production of arrays. This array served to develop an electronic tongue for the simultaneous quantification of NH4+, K+ i Na+ ions in environmental samples. Also, the use of an electronic tongue was proposed for the first time in the monitoring of the nutrient solution composition produced by a hydroponic greenhouse, thanks to collaboration with researchers of the Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentària of the Generalitat de Catalunya. The idea was to optimize an electronic tongue for the simultaneous real-time determination of the fertilizer ions NH4+, K+, NO3- and PO43-, and the saline ions Na+ and Cl-. The obtained results were so interesting to continue working on the subject. Moreover, the applicability of two different electronic tongues was explored in environmental in-line monitoring with data transmission for radio frequency. The first of them was used for the simultaneous real-time determination of NH4+, K+, Na+, Cl- and NO3- ions in a continuous stirred-tank reactor that simulated the natural biodegradation conditions; and the second one, for the simultaneous real-time determination of the cations NH4+, K+ and Na+ in the Ignacio Ramírez Mexican dam. The good results obtained allowed to demonstrate the applicability of the developed electronic tongues as systems for remote measurement in environmental applications. In all these applications carried out of the laboratory, special attention was paid in compensating for temperature effects and response drifts. Finally, and in order to come back to the initial-research line, a new electronic tongue was successfully developed using biosensors for the quantification of urea, creatinine, NH4+, K+ and Na+ in clinical samples. In this case creatinine biosensors were based on the enzyme creatinine deiminase and the model of response based on XNA allowed the simultaneous determination of the five species, leaving the system ready to be used in hospital studies

Beer classification by means of a potentiometric electronic tongue

In this work, an Electronic Tongue (ET) system based on an array of potentiometric ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) is presented for the discrimination of different commercial beer types is presented. The array was formed by 21 ISEs combining both cationic and anionic sensors with others with generic response. For this purpose beer samples were analyzed with the ET without any pretreatment rather than the smooth agitation of the samples with a magnetic stirrer in order to reduce the foaming of samples, which could interfere into the measurements. Then, the obtained responses were evaluated using two different pattern recognition methods, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Linear Discriminant Analysis(LDA) in order to achieve the correct recognition of samples variety. In the case of LDA, a stepwise inclusion method for variable selection based on Mahalanobis distance criteria was used to select the most discriminating variables. Finally, the results showed that the use of supervised pattern recognition methods such as LDA is a good alternative for the resolution of complex identification situations. In addition, in order to show a quantitative application, alcohol content was predicted from the array data employing an Artificial Neural Network model

Determination of total polyphenol index in wines employing a voltammetric electronic tongue

This work reports the application of a voltammetric electronic tongue system (ET) made from an array of modified graphite-epoxy composites plus a gold microelectrode in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of polyphenols found in wine. Wine samples were analyzed using cyclic voltammetry without any sample pretreatment. The obtained responses were preprocessed employing discrete wavelet transform (DWT) in order to compress and extract significant features from the voltammetric signals, and the obtained approximation coefficients fed a multivariate calibration method (artificial neural network-ANN-or partial least squares-PLS-) which accomplished the quantification of total polyphenol content. External test subset samples results were compared with the ones obtained with the Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) method and UV absorbance polyphenol index (I₂₈₀) as reference values, with highly significant correlation coefficients of 0.979 and 0.963 in the range from 50 to 2400 mg L⁻¹ gallic acid equivalents, respectively. In a separate experiment, qualitative discrimination of different polyphenols found in wine was also assessed by principal component analysis (PCA)

Rapid Colorimetric Detection of Wound Infection with a Fluidic Paper Device

Chronic wounds; Infection biomarker; Myeloperoxidase; ColorimetryFerides i lesions; Biomarcadors d'infecció; Mieloperoxidasa; ColorimetriaHeridas crónicas; Biomarcador de infección; Mieloperoxidasa; ColorimetríaCurrent procedures for the assessment of chronic wound infection are time-consuming and require complex instruments and trained personnel. The incidence of chronic wounds worldwide, and the associated economic burden, urge for simple and cheap point-of-care testing (PoCT) devices for fast on-site diagnosis to enable appropriate early treatment. The enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), whose activity in infected wounds is about ten times higher than in non-infected wounds, appears to be a suitable biomarker for wound infection diagnosis. Herein, we develop a single-component foldable paper-based device for the detection of MPO in wound fluids. The analyte detection is achieved in two steps: (i) selective immunocapture of MPO, and (ii) reaction of a specific dye with the captured MPO, yielding a purple color with increasing intensity as a function of the MPO activity in infected wounds in the range of 20-85 U/mL. Ex vivo experiments with wound fluids validated the analytic efficiency of the paper-based device, and the results strongly correlate with a spectrophotometric assay

Portable Electronic Tongue Based on Microsensors for the Analysis of Cava Wines

Cava is a quality sparkling wine produced in Spain. As a product with a designation of origin, Cava wine has to meet certain quality requirements throughout its production process; therefore, the analysis of several parameters is of great interest. In this work, a portable electronic tongue for the analysis of Cava wine is described. The system is comprised of compact and low-power-consumption electronic equipment and an array of microsensors formed by six ion-selective field effect transistors sensitive to pH, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl−, and CO32−, one conductivity sensor, one redox potential sensor, and two amperometric gold microelectrodes. This system, combined with chemometric tools, has been applied to the analysis of 78 Cava wine samples. Results demonstrate that the electronic tongue is able to classify the samples according to the aging time, with a percentage of correct prediction between 80% and 96%, by using linear discriminant analysis, as well as to quantify the total acidity, pH, volumetric alcoholic degree, potassium, conductivity, glycerol, and methanol parameters, with mean relative errors between 2.3% and 6.0%, by using partial least squares regressions.We acknowledge funding from the Spanish R & D National Program (MINECO, Projects TEC2011-29045-C04-01 and TEC2014-54449-C3-1-R). P.G.-G. is grateful to MINECO, Spain, for the financial support through a research studentship of the FPI Program. We acknowledge support by the CSIC Open Access Publication Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI)

Compact analytical flow system for the simultaneous determination of L-lactic and L-malic in red wines

During the malolactic fermentation of red wines, L-malic acid is mainly converted to L-lactic acid. Both acids should be precisely measured during the entire process to guarantee the quality of the final wine, thus making real-time monitoring approaches of great importance in the winemaking industry. Traditional analytical methods based on laboratory procedures are currently applied and cannot be deployed on-site. In this work, we report on the design and development of a bi-parametric compact analytical flow system integrating two electrochemical biosensors that could be potentially applied in this scenario. The developed flow-system will allow for the first time the simultaneous measurement of both acids in real scenarios at the real-time and in remote way. Miniaturized thin-film platinum four-electrode chips are fabricated on silicon substrates by standard photolithographic techniques and further implemented in a polymeric fluidic structure. This includes a 15 µL flow cell together with the required fluidic channels for sample and reagent fluid management. The four-electrode chip includes counter and pseudo-reference electrodes together with two working electrodes. These are sequentially modified with electropolymerized polypyrrole membranes that entrap the specific receptors for selectively detecting both target analytes. The analytical performance of both biosensors is studied by chronoamperometry, showing a linear range from 5 × 10−6 to 1 × 10−4 M (LOD of 3.2 ± 0.3 × 10−6 M) and from 1 × 10−7 to 1 × 10−6 M (LOD of 6.7 ± 0.2 × 10−8 M) for the L-lactate and the L-malate, respectively. Both biosensors show long-term stability, retaining more than the 90% of their initial sensitivity after more than 30 days, this being a prerequisite for monitoring the whole process of the malolactic fermentation of the red wines (time between 20 and 40 days). The flow system performance is assessed with several wine samples collected during the malolactic fermentation process of three red wines, showing an excellent agreement with the results obtained with the standard method.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Estudio y propuesta de mejora de la Mula Falcata en el Grupo Táctico de Respuesta Inmediata

La Brigada Paracaidista se caracteriza por ser una unidad ligera capacitada para realizar operaciones aerotransportadas o de asalto aéreo, en las que sus fuerzas son desplegadas de forma sorpresiva en territorio enemigo. Dentro de esta Gran Unidad, se encuentra el Grupo Táctico de Respuesta Inmediata (GTRI), una organización operativa de alta disponibilidad y con carácter expedicionario creada para actuar en caso de una emergencia de carácter nacional. En concreto, esta fuerza debería de estar preparada para controlar los objetivos estratégicos u operacionales nacionales (aeródromos, centros logísticos o centros de transmisiones) en caso de que éstos no fueran alcanzables mediante la intervención de fuerzas militares convencionales.Así pues, el GTRI exige contar con materiales ligeros que dispongan de una gran movilidad, que sean rápidamente desplegables y que puedan abarcar desde tareas logísticas, hasta operaciones tácticas. Por ese motivo, los Vehículos Especiales Aerolanzables (VEA) son los vehículos ideales para integrar dicha estructura, debido a su reducido tamaño y rápida configuración táctica. En este sentido, la BRIPAC decidió integrar el GTRI con el VEA MM-1A MK2 (militarmente conocido como Mula Falcata). Sin embargo, tras tres años de utilización del vehículo dentro de esta estructura han ido apareciendo una serie de posibles deficiencias relacionadas con algunas configuraciones del vehículo. En concreto, se han presenciado fallos con la configuración de apoyo al combate (puesto de tiro móvil), transmisiones (conocida militarmente como Mula Águila) y el remolque de piezas de artillería. Todo esto ha puesto en duda la efectividad e integración del vehículo dentro del GTRI.De esta manera, el principal objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar y analizar si la Mula Falcata es un VEA viable para integrar el GTRI.Para alcanzar este objetivo, se ha decidido utilizar una metodología basada en la realización de un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo a través de distintos análisis cualitativos y cuantitativos. Por un lado, en cuanto al análisis cualitativo se realizará una encuesta y diversas entrevistas a un grupo de expertos que haya trabajado con el vehículo durante los 3 años que lleva en servicio en la unidad. Además, se analizará el rendimiento operativo y logístico de la mula en un caso práctico real (un ejercicio táctico realizado en Badajoz). Finalmente, se realizará un análisis DAFO (Debilidades, Amenazas, Fortalezas y Oportunidades) para estudiar la situación actual del vehículo. Por otro lado, se realizará un análisis cuantitativo basado en la aplicación de distintas herramientas relacionadas con la calidad del producto como el análisis QFD (Quality Function Diagram), el diagrama Causa-Efecto o el análisis AMFE (Análisis Modal de Fallos y Efectos). También se utilizará el diagrama EDT (Estructura de Desglose del Trabajo) para exponer cómo se deberían implantar las distintas mejoras planteadas en este trabajo. Finalmente, los posibles riesgos asociados a las mismas serán mostradas mediante una Matriz de Gestión de Riesgos.En conclusión, al final de este trabajo se demostrará que el vehículo es viable para integrar el GTRI, pero necesita una serie de cambios para mejorar su rendimiento y operatividad dentro de esta fuerza. Así pues, este TFG muestra una propuesta de mejora factible y realista, tanto en su modo de implantación como ejecución.<br /

Application of an E-Tongue to the Analysis of Monovarietal and Blends of White Wines

This work presents a multiparametric system capable of characterizing and classifying white wines according to the grape variety and geographical origin. Besides, it quantifies specific parameters of interest for quality control in wine. The system, known as a hybrid electronic tongue, consists of an array of electrochemical microsensors-six ISFET based sensors, a conductivity sensor, a redox potential sensor and two amperometric electrodes, a gold microelectrode and a microelectrode for sensing electrochemical oxygen demand-and a miniaturized optofluidic system. The test sample set comprised eighteen Catalan monovarietal white wines from four different grape varieties, two Croatian monovarietal white wines and seven bi- and trivarietal mixtures prepared from the Catalan varieties. Different chemometric tools were used to characterize (i.e., Principal Component Analysis), classify (i.e., Soft Independent Modeling Class Analogy) and quantify (i.e., Partial-Least Squares) some parameters of interest. The results demonstrate the usefulness of the multisensor system for analysis of wine

Hybrid Electronic Tongues Applied to the Quality Control of Wines

The legislation of food industry is becoming increasingly strict with regard to the quality of food products. Therefore, the market is demanding for automatic systems of analysis that allow fast and accurate monitoring of the evolution of quality parameters in agrofood products or permit obtaining information to optimize production processes. In this context, sensors and more specifically microsensors play an important role since they allow fast and reproducible measurement of a large number of quality parameters with good reliability and can be implemented in portable systems. This paper presents a review of the results obtained with an electronic tongue based on different kinds of microsensors applied to wine analysis by the team of IMB-CNM. This multisensor system allows on one hand classifying the wine according to its features like grape variety, geographic origin, year, and organoleptic characteristics and on the other hand quantifying some parameters of interest in quality control, such as alcoholic degree, pH, ions, total acidity, glycerol, and color

Allogenic adipose-derived stem cell therapy overcomes ischemia-induced microvessel rarefaction in the myocardium : systems biology study

Altres ajuts: This work was supported by the Spanish Cardiovascular Network of Cell Therapy (Red TerCel RD16/0011/018) and Ciber CV(CB16/11/00411) from the Instituto Salud Carlos III (to LB). Additional funding was received from Plan Nacional de Salud (PNS SAF2016-76819-R to LB, 2015-71653-R to GV) from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and FEDER funds; from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CPII13/00012 to GA); and support from a grant from the Muy Ilustrísima Administración from the Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau (to MG). The authors thank Fundacion Jesus Serra, Barcelona for continuous support.Myocardial microvascular loss after myocardial infarction (MI) remains a therapeutic challenge. Autologous stem cell therapy was considered as an alternative; however, it has shown modest benefits due to the impairing effects of cardiovascular risk factors on stem cells. Allogenic adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) may overcome such limitations, and because of their low immunogenicity and paracrine potential may be good candidates for cell therapy. In the present study we investigated the effects of allogenic ASCs and their released products on cardiac rarefaction post MI. Pig subcutaneous adipose tissue ASCs were isolated, expanded and GFP-labeled. ASC angiogenic function was assessed by the in-vivo chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. Pigs underwent MI induction and 7 days after were randomized to receive: allogenic ASCs (intracoronary infusion); conditioned media (CM; intravenous infusion); ASCs + CM; or PBS/placebo (control). Cardiac damage and function were monitored by 3-T cardiac magnetic resonance imaging upon infusion (baseline CMR) and 1 and 3 weeks thereafter. We assessed in the myocardium: microvessel density; angiogenic markers (CD105, CD31, TF, VEGFR2, VEGFR1, vWF, eNOS, CD62); collagen deposition; and reparative fibrosis (TGFβ/TβRII/collagen). Differential proteomics of ASCs and CM was performed to characterize the ASC protein signature. CAM indicated a significant ASC proangiogenic capacity. In pigs after MI, only PBS/placebo animals displayed an impaired cardiac function 3 weeks after infusion (p < 0.05 vs baseline). Administration of ASCs + CM significantly enhanced neovessel formation and favored cardiac repair post MI (p < 0.05 vs the other groups). Molecular markers of angiogenesis were significantly upregulated both at transcriptional and protein levels (p < 0.05). The in-silico bioinformatics analysis of the ASC and CM proteome (interactome) indicated activation of a coordinated protein network involved in the formation of microvessels and the resolution of rarefaction. Coadministration of allogenic ASCs and their CM synergistically contribute to the neovascularization of the infarcted myocardium through a coordinated upregulation of the proangiogenic protein interactome. The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-017-0509-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users